Systematic review and metaanalysis Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Systematic review and metaanalysis - Thesis Example Uman (2011) further goes on to appreciate the fact that systematic review and meta-analysis have the same stages and outlines the eight steps that are similar in nature when employing the two methods in reviewing any given studies. Uman (2011) concurs with O’Rourke (2007) that the distinction between the two terms is ambiguous in a way. However, both point the description and definition of the two terms based on the historical background upon which they were founded. They go on to acknowledge the similarity in the steps as well as the fact that meta-analysis is a step in systematic review. It is critical for scholars to understand the historical, premises, and pitfalls of systematic reviews and meta-analysis in addition to the methods of conducting meta-analysis. O’Rourke (2007) traces systematic reviews and meta-analysis back to the 17th Century when a French Mathematician named Blaise Pascal came up with methods of dealing with the games of chances that were involved in gambling. He further asserts that this was the time when the quantitative approaches were applied in the field of science acknowledging the various observations that started to emerge. As he points out, the mathematical approaches now allowed the astronomers to compare and merge various observations. O’Rourke (2007) goes on to point the contributions of Laplace and Gauss in the development of the systematic reviews and meta-analysis. This could then be the turning point in the 20th Century when statisticians merged the idea in addressing the questions of similar caliber that arose from clinical results. He appreciates the role played by British statistician Karl Pearson who was able to combine various observations from different clinical trials. Pearson did th is by regrouping study observations into larger groups while considering the small groups too (ORourke, 2007). Additionally, the author states that the reasoning Pearson had was not very clear

Religion and Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Religion and Society - Essay Example Various charismatic and religious leaders are known to have brought about change, for example, Martin Luther King, who is seen to have played a crucial role in liberating the blacks. Religious leaders are known to have some sort of control on the members of the society, implying that people will follow their directives in the effort of bringing about change in the society. Various scholars have come up with theories that explain how religion acts as a radical force for revolutionary change, and give examples from various actions of church leaders, which have shown that religion has the command to change the status quo, e.g., during the apartheid when Archbishop Desmond Tutu fought against it (Idinopulos). The society also depends on various religious bodies and institutions to lay down rituals and values on the society, and this plays a crucial role in bringing unity in the community (Gerrie and Tsuruoka 14). In most families that follow some religion, at a tender age, children are b rought up with values from the church and they are introduced to the religious side of life, and this guides their behavior and how they grow up. Families will rely on religion for moral socialization of their children, which enforces a sense of ethnic identity and morality, which they will take up for the rest of their lives. Therefore, religion has changed the society as it acts as a source of social control, hence playing a paramount role in bringing order in the society. 2. How Is Religion Raising Questions of Identity and Challenging Concepts of Citizenship? The fundamental meaning of religion is laid down on the basis of common beliefs and practices carried out by a group of people that dictates their moral conduct (Gerrie and Tsuruoka 5). Therefore, people of one religion will have rules that govern their conduct and will stipulate the ways of living, failing which equals to going against the will of God. On the other hand, identity will have to do with knowing where one belo ngs, and the two will come into play as there are various religions in the world today, which range from Christianity and Islam to Hinduism, just to name a few. Religion now raises questions of identity in that people will belong to different religions, and this comes into play as this will dictate the various identities of people from various religions. Therefore, people will have different identities in that they will identify themselves with various religions, which will determine who they see themselves as. This means that people will identify themselves as Christians, Muslims, Hindus or any other follower. This lays a divide in how people identify one another as they will have different beliefs that they follow. Religion is also known to challenge the concept of citizenship as both will have different laws depending on the majority religion in the country. There are Muslim nations, Christian ones and so on, and this means that different countries will have a majority religion f ollowing implying that the religion of the majority will be the one used to form most rules in the country. The laws of the country will be used by citizens, and this forms the basis of citizenship, but religion will also have a role to play in governing how people relate and their way of life. There are situations where the laws of the land are not in line with those of citizenship, and this implies that there will be a clash between the two; hence, there is a dilemma on what should be followed. For example, there might be a conflict on what a Christian, who is a citizen of a Muslim country, should do in matters that relate